Who is responsible for collision avoidance in a Military Operations Area (MOA)?

In a Military Operations Area (MOA), each pilot holds the responsibility for collision avoidance. This is grounded in the principle that pilots are ultimately in command of their aircraft and must maintain situational awareness regarding surrounding air traffic, regardless of the specific area in which they are operating. MOAs are designated airspace regions where military training activities occur, and although pilots should be cautious regarding military operations and other traffic, they are not actively managed by air traffic control (ATC) within these areas in the same way as controlled airspace.

ATC does provide information and advisories about airspace usage and may assist with overall traffic management, but in an MOA, the responsibility for avoiding collisions lies with the pilots themselves. They must stay vigilant about their surroundings and take appropriate actions to ensure safe separation from other aircraft, including those potentially engaging in military exercises within the MOA.